Universal energy principle of biological systems and the unity of bioenergetics.
نویسندگان
چکیده
Electronic energy (chemical bond energy) is the exclusive source of utilizable energy in biological systems. The release of this energy is mediated enzymically. The energy required to rupture a single covalent or ionic bond is prohibitively high under physiological conditions [in the range of 80-200 kcal/mol (1 kcal = 4.18 kJ)]. By the technique of the pairing of bond rupture (two juxtaposed bonds ruptured simultaneously) and the pairing of bond formation, enzymes can bypass the huge thermodynamic barrier to chemical change inherent in rupture of a single bond and operate within thermal limits. Enzymes accordingly can be conceived of as the energy machines that translate this principle. The principle of this transduction is that the energy required for forming a new covalent bond can fall within thermal limits when the original charged atom partner to the bond is displaced by a substitute charged atom under conditions in which the charge field of the bond remains constant during the substitution. In the transition from classical enzymology to energy coupling, muscular contraction, template-dependent replication, etc., new dimensions and possibilities are added to the basic enzymatic machinery. Specialized molecular devices (membranes, filaments, channels, templates, etc.) have to be introduced to make possible these extensions and permutations of enzymology. But it is demonstrable that the basis pairing principle is fully preserved during any of these modifications or extensions. Long range movement--of an ion, a filament, or a template--is the most important property introduced into classical enzymology in the transition to energy coupling systems.
منابع مشابه
A Comparative Study into “Gere Geometric Designs” in Islamic Architecture and Principle of “Perceptual Creation” in the Mystical Thoughts of Ibn Arabi
This article is an analytic and comparative study into abstract patterns of geometric designs, as one of the most significant spaces in the Islamic architecture, and the principle of perceptual creation. It has a comparative approach to investigate equivalence, effigy, and analogies between the micro and macro systems (in the hierarchical system of the universe). In the mystical cosmology of Ib...
متن کاملUniversal Triple I Method for Fuzzy Reasoning and Fuzzy Controller
As a generalization of the triple I method, the universal triple Imethod is investigated from the viewpoints of both fuzzy reasoningand fuzzy controller. The universal triple I principle is putforward, which improves the previous triple I principle. Then,unified form of universal triple I method is established based onthe (0,1)-implication or R-implication. Moreover, the reversibilityproperty o...
متن کاملComparison of entropy generation minimization principle and entransy theory in optimal design of thermal systems
In this study, the relationship among the concepts of entropy generation rate, entransy theory, and generalized thermal resistance to the optimal design of thermal systems is discussed. The equations of entropy and entransy rates are compared and their implications for optimization of conductive heat transfer are analyzed. The theoretical analyses show that based on entropy generation minimizat...
متن کاملPACING GUIDE ADVANCED PLACEMENT BIOLOGY BIG IDEAS: 1: The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life. 2: Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow,
BIG IDEAS: 1: The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life. 2: Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to reproduce and to maintain dynamic homeostasis. 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit and respond to information essential to life processes. 4: Biological systems interact, and these systems and their interactions possess comple...
متن کاملCooperativity in biological systems
Living organisms can sense and respond to external and internal stimuli. Response isdemonstrated in many forms including modulation of gene expression profiles, motility,secretion, cell death, etc. Nevertheless, all forms share a basic property: they depend on sensingsmall changes in the concentration of an effector molecule or subtle conformational changes ina protein and invoking the appropri...
متن کاملذخیره در منابع من
با ذخیره ی این منبع در منابع من، دسترسی به آن را برای استفاده های بعدی آسان تر کنید
عنوان ژورنال:
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
دوره 78 9 شماره
صفحات -
تاریخ انتشار 1981